}

Weak beauty of sandstone

2005/12/01 Kortabitarte Egiguren, Irati - Elhuyar Zientzia Iturria: Elhuyar aldizkaria

A known comparison is harder than stone, and with it we want to express that something is infungible, as hard as stone and durable. But the hardest stones are also exposed to continuous natural changes that deteriorate. For example, sandstones.
Others
Weak beauty of sandstone
01/12/2005 | Kortabitarte Egiguren, Irati | Elhuyar Zientzia Komunikazioa
(Photo: I. kortabitarte)

In the construction has always been used sandstone in Euskal Herria, it is not something new. It is the typical stone of the quarry. It does not shine, but it has natural beauty. It is formed by cementation proper of the sand, predominating quartz.

Churches, palaces and some beautiful facades are sandstone in the Basque Country. Whitish, yellowish and reddish. The rich in plagioclase or mineral feldspar are white. But in general they are golden and yellowish. Also reddish, many of them with iron oxide cements in the grooves between large grains. These iron oxides, often when the rock deforms, penetrate through the layers of the original mineral, forming various figures or ornaments. And sandstone gets a unique beauty.

Although formerly the sandstone was used for the manufacture of ashlars, nowadays it is generally used as a cover. The buildings are built in brick and concrete, covering the exteriors with sandstones.

The old hamlets of Elorrio and Durangaldea, for their part, are built entirely in sandstone. The villa of Elorrio, for example, is spectacular; the palace of the Renaissance, the church... All of them sandstone. In fact, it can be said that Elorrio is one of the best places to enjoy the beauty of sandstone in Euskal Herria.

Arenisca in Euskal Herria

Old quarry in Elorrio.
I. kortabitarte

The Professor of Geology of the Faculty of Science and Technology of Leioa, Patxi García, explained that in Euskal Herria two types of sandstones have been used mainly: Elorrio sandstone and Igeldo sandstone.

The sandstone of Elorrio is quite hard, resistant and very beautiful, striking. Very used in the construction of historical buildings, with good results.

The sandstone of the Tertiary of Igeldo, for its part, is very beautiful but less cemented. Geologically it is younger than the sandstone of Elorrio. Therefore, the amount of sediments on the surface has been reduced, and the compactness between the grains is lower. However, this does not mean that the older the stone, the harder it is, although in this case, the sandstone of Igeldo deteriorates more easily than that of Elorrio. Among them are the XIX. The historical aspects of the twentieth century have been elaborated with sandstones of the Tertiary.

But not everything remains in that beauty. In spite of being the most beautiful of the most beautiful, with time his achaques are presented. Undoubtedly, the degradation that sandstone is suffering in recent years is significant. There is no choice but to visit the aforementioned ancient helmets.

Sandstone and brick building.
P. P. García García García García

Sandstone 'sick'

Air pollution, transport, demographic growth and climate completely destroy the stone. When it is said that the sandstone of a building is "sick" or deteriorated, we must take into account factors such as the porosity of the stone, the cementation and the matrix, the environmental humidity, the salinity and the pollution.

The minerals of the clay that form the matrix of sandstone, like small microns, etc., compact sandstone. In fact, they are very small and have reaction capacity, and they are often crystallized on the surface of large grains. They form bridges and joints between the grains of sandstone, that is, reinforce the cementation.

On the contrary, other minerals are very unstable, such as feldspar. The feldspores do the opposite. If there is water in the slits, these minerals dissolve and, over time, they completely break down into several fragments.

When iron oxide penetrates the slits, it produces beautiful images.
P. P. García García García García

All this has to do with humidity, more if you consider that the climate of Euskal Herria is very humid. In addition, humidity and salinity are the main enemies of every stone.

In general, the more porous it is, the easier the sandstone is damaged. In the sandstone on the facades, for example, water is very easy to introduce. Once the fog is introduced on the Basque coast, the water of this fog penetrates the pores of the sandstone. This water contains sodium chloride, crystallizes in the pores and expands. And crak! The pores open and the stone deteriorates.

Pollution also has to do with. The particles of air accumulate in the facades of the buildings and become crusts. If that crust does not react with the stone, half evil. The problem arises when it reacts with the rock and enters a certain depth. When this happens, it is necessary to see if the damaged and healthy stone can be united with the binder. The permeability and thickness of the stone will be analyzed, and depending on this the appropriate binder will be selected to apply.

In these Tertiary sandstones, these diseases are usually produced. In other harder and insoluble sandstones, the only problem is surface dirt.

Sandstone with well cemented quartz grains. Image taken with optical microscope.
P. P. García García García García

And we must not forget the problem of the vegetation, which grows much because of the climate here. To avoid it, in the treatment of buildings, first apply fungicides. In this way, fungi and shrubs are avoided during a period of time. Only for a time, since the vegetation comes out again. However, the growth of this vegetation is not a serious problem for the conservation of the stone if it is controlled.

The real problem is the one caused by water. In most of the saddle boards, water has been introduced, filled with dust and dirt. The disaster of the sandstone of the buildings must somehow remain.

In this sense, the College of Spanish Architects does not recommend the use of sandstones in construction. Thus, in the main catalogs, sandstone is not recommended as building material, since it generates many problems. However, this does not mean that it will not be used in the future or that the architects do it at all. In fact, it is very used by the architects. It has magnificent views and colors, besides being a stone within reach of many places. However, it must be taken into account, among other things, that the form and porosity referred to in the granule are a problem.

Patxi García Garmilla: "After working in applied science, you feel more valid"
Doctor of Geology, he teaches at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Leioa.
Three years ago his team received a grant from the Basque Government for three projects. And the Department of Petrology and Mineralogy of the Faculty of Science and Technology of Leioa, the technological center Labein and the company Teusa of San Sebastian, specialist in sandstone restoration.
Palace of the Admiral of Okendo in the neighborhood of Gros de San Sebastián.
(Photo: I. kortabitarte)
Perhaps one of the most important projects was the renovation of the palace of the admiral of Okendo in the neighborhood of Gros de San Sebastián. This Renaissance palace is currently used as a library. It has a luxury main facade made of Igeldo sandstone and the remaining three are more common.
What did they do at the Okendo Admiral's Palace in the Gros neighbourhood?
The main facade had serious problems of humidity, especially in the lower part. The soil moisture has been penetrating and accumulating through the pores. The stone has also been eroding. The finger is passed and the sandstone is released. And all this, in some way, should stop.
Patxi García Garmilla.
(Photo: I. kortabitarte)
Several sandstone samples were taken and analyzed in depth: internal and external structure of sandstone, pore size, etc. Several pieces of rock with mercury were injected into the Labein technology centre. Thus, depending on the time the mercury needed to cross the pores, the relationship between the size of the pores and the pores was measured.
Below we apply several binders. In general, the binders used with sandstone are silica. In fact, silica has a great mobility and is capable of penetrating through the smaller pores. After several tests, the most suitable binder was selected and applied on the main façade. Recently the facade was bright. But as the alcohol (solvent) evaporates and the silica penetrates inside, the façade has lost brightness and recovered the normal color.
Today, the palace has recovered its original color. The finger is passed and the sandstone is not released, since the sandstone grains are very cemented.
The sillares of the main façade were very eroded.
(Photo: teus)
It will be interesting to renovate a building that is slowly deteriorating, right?
From the point of view of the company, it is very important to select the material or the consolidator suitable for the restoration of the building. And for this it is essential to know how the stone is inside, like the size of the pores, the behavior of the binder inside the stone, etc.
From the academic point of view, it has been a beautiful experience. In fact, we were used to working in pure science and never had the opportunity to work in applied science. And after doing something like that, you look really more valid. The research has been very interesting and positive. In addition, we have collaborated with multidisciplinary people such as geologists, chemists or fine arts.
Multiple uses
Undoubtedly, sandstone is mainly used as a building material. However, sandstones very rich in quartz, for example, are also used to fragment and extract silica. The furnace at high temperatures allows to obtain pure silica. In fact, being very rich in quartz, impurities are easily eliminated. Therefore, they can be used as a silica source for the optical industry.
It is also a good abrasive. The little cemented sandstones are sprayed easily. And the sandstone powder serves to erode pieces from other rocks. In short, the sandstone powder is used as abrasive.
This powder, combined with silica and/or binder, is also used to make special products such as silestone, used in the countertops of kitchens and bathrooms.
The flow of sand has also been used for the disposal of hydrocarbons from oil wells or, as it were, for the cleaning of oil wells.
Kortabitarte Egiguren, Irati
Services Services Services
215
2005 2005 2005 2005
Description Description Description Description
031 031 031
Geology Geology